"ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ С АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК"
учебно-методическое пособие
Автор: Рокотянская Мария Михайловна, старший преподаватель, МЭИ, Москва
В раздел высшее образование
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ
ПОСОБИЕ
ПО ПРАКТИКЕ ПЕРЕВОДА
По теме:
«ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ
ТЕКСТОВ С АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК»
Составитель: старший преподаватель Рокотянская Мария Михайловна Данный сборник предназначен для студентов, прошедших базовый курс обучения английскому языку, включающий основные знания в области грамматики, фонетики и лексики английского языка. Пособие предназначено для отработки навыков перевода научно-популярных текстов с английского языка на русский язык, а также правильного применения правил перевода английских заголовков на русский язык.
1. Выполните перевод следующего текста, руководствуясь правилами
перевода научно-популярных текстов, включая правила перевода
заголовков. Укажите способы перевода выделенных слов в тексте.
Beans and peas increase fullness more than meat
Numerous modern
dietary recommendations
encourage high protein consumption to help with weight loss or prevent the
age-related loss
of muscle mass. Furthermore, consuming more vegetable-based protein from beans and peas, and less protein from meats such as pork, veal and beef, is recommended because meat production is
a far greater burden
on our climate than vegetable cultivation. Until now, we haven't known very much about how legumes like beans and peas
stack
up against
meat in satiating hunger. As a result, little has been known about the impact of vegetables and the possibility of them catalyzing or maintaining weight loss.
High protein vegetables fill more
The recent study demonstrated that protein-rich meals based on beans and peas increased satiety more in the study participants than protein-rich veal and pork based meals. In the study, 43 young men were served three different meals in which patties -- consisting of either beans/peas or veal/pork -- were a key element. The study also demonstrated that when participants ate a protein-rich meal based on beans and peas, they consumed 12% fewer calories in their next meal than if they had eaten a meat-based meal. "The protein-rich meal composed of legumes contained significantly more fiber than the protein-rich meal of pork and veal, which probably
contributed to the
increased feeling
of satiety," according to the head researcher, Professor Anne Raben of the University of Copenhagen's Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports.
Sustainable eating can help weight loss
Most interestingly, the study also demonstrated that a
less protein-rich meal
based on beans and peas was as satiating and tasty as the protein-rich veal and pork- based meals. "It is somewhat contrary to the widespread belief that one ought to consume a large amount of protein because it increases satiety more. Now, something suggests that one can eat a fiber-rich meal, with less protein, and achieve the same sensation of fullness. While more studies are needed for a definitive proof, it appears as if
vegetable-based meals -- particularly those based on beans and peas -- both can serve as a long term basis for weight loss and as a
sustainable eating habit
," concludes Professor Raben. The results are published in the scientific journal Food & Nutritionin the article: Meals based on vegetable protein sources (beans and peas) are more satiating than meals based on animal protein sources (veal and pork) -- a randomized
cross-over
meal test study
.
2. Выполните перевод следующего текста, руководствуясь правилами
перевода научно-популярных текстов, включая правила перевода
заголовков. Укажите способы перевода выделенных слов в тексте.
Micro-bubbles make big impact
The quest to develop a wireless micro-robot for biomedical applications requires a
small-scale "motor"
that can be wirelessly powered through biological media. While magnetic fields can be used to power small robots wirelessly, they do not provide selectivity since all actuators (the components controlling motion) under the same magnetic field just follow the same motion. To address this
intrinsic
limitation
of magnetic actuation, a team of German researchers has developed a way to use microbubbles to provide the specificity needed to power micro-robots for biomedical applications. This week in Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing, the team describes this new approach that offers multiple advantages over previous techniques. "First, by applying ultrasound at different frequencies, multiple actuators can be individually addressed; second, the actuators require no
on-board electronics
which make them smaller, lighter and safer; and third, the approach is scalable to the sub-millimeter size," said Tian Qiu, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Germany. The research team
encountered some surprises
along the way. Normally a special material, like a magnetic or piezoelectric material, is required for an actuator. In this case, they used a standard commercial polymer that simply traps air bubbles, and then used the air-liquid interface of the trapped bubbles to convert the ultrasound power into mechanical motion.
"We found that a thin surface (30-120 micrometers effective thickness) with appropriate topological patterning can provide
propulsion force
using ultrasound, and thousands of these bubbles together can push a device at millimeter scale," Qiu said. "The simplicity of the structure and material to accomplish this task was a pleasant surprise." The team is already looking forward to developing their actuator further. "The next steps are to increase the propulsive force of the functional surface, to integrate the actuator into a useful biomedical device, and then to test it in a real biological environment, including
in vivo
," Qiu said. The adoption of micro-structured surfaces as wireless actuators opens promising new possibilities in the development of miniaturized devices and tools for fluidic environments accessible by low intensity ultrasound fields. These functional surfaces could serve as
ready-to-attach
wireless actuators, powering miniaturized biomedical devices for applications such as active endoscopes.
3. Выполните перевод следующего текста, руководствуясь правилами
перевода научно-популярных текстов, включая правила перевода
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A single-celled organism capable of learning
For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that an organism devoid of a nervous system is capable of learning. A team from the Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CNRS/Université Toulouse III -- Paul Sabatier) has succeeded in showing that a single-celled organism, the
protist Physarum polycephalum
, is capable of a type of learning called habituation. This discovery throws light on the origins of learning ability during evolution, even before the appearance of a nervous system and brain. It may also raise questions as to the learning capacities of other extremely simple organisms such as viruses and bacteria. These findings are published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B on 27 April 2016. An ability to learn, and memory are key elements in the animal world. Learning from experiences and adapting behavior accordingly are vital for an animal living in a fluctuating and potentially dangerous environment. This faculty is generally considered to be the prerogative of organisms endowed with a brain and nervous system. However, single-celled organisms also need to adapt to change. Do they
display an ability to learn? Bacteria certainly show adaptability, but it
takes several
generations to develop
and is more a result of evolution. A team of biologists thus sought to find proof that a single-celled organism could learn. They chose to study the protist, or slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, a giant cell that inhabits shady, cool areas[1] and has proved to be endowed with some astonishing abilities, such as solving a maze, avoiding traps or optimizing its nutrition[2]. But until now very little was known about its ability to learn. During a nine-day experiment, the scientists thus challenged different groups of this mold with bitter but harmless substances that they needed to pass through in order to reach a food source. Two groups were confronted either by a "bridge" impregnated with quinine, or with caffeine, while the control group only needed to cross a non-impregnated bridge. Initially
reluctant to travel
through the bitter substances, the molds gradually realized that they were harmless, and crossed them increasingly rapidly -- behaving after six days in the same way as the control group. The cell thus learned not to fear a harmless substance after being confronted with it on several occasions, a phenomenon that the scientists refer to as habituation. After two days without contact with the bitter substance, the mold returned to its initial behavior of distrust. Furthermore, a protist habituated to caffeine displayed distrustful behavior towards quinine, and vice versa. Habituation was therefore clearly specific to a given substance. Habituation is a form of rudimentary learning, which has been characterized in Aplysia (an invertebrate also called sea hare)[3]. This form of learning exists in all animals, but had never previously been observed in a
non-neural organism
. This discovery in a slime mold, a distant cousin of plants, fungi and animals that appeared on Earth some 500 million years before humans, improves existing understanding of the origins of learning, which markedly preceded those of nervous systems. It also offers an opportunity to study learning types in other very simple organisms, such as viruses or bacteria.
4. Выполните перевод следующего текста, руководствуясь правилами
перевода научно-популярных текстов, включая правила перевода
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Changing the world by changing social norms
Professor Karine Nyborg from the Department of Economics at the University of Oslo, is joined by an international team of leading economists, ecologists and psychologists as co-authors of the article entitled "Social norms as solutions" published in Science. With Kenneth Arrow, the Nobel Laureate in Economics on their team, Nyborg et. al. argue that changing social norms can contribute to solving even major, global problems as politicians play important supporting roles. But they need to know when to act.
The smoking ban -- a good example
According to Nyborg, the Norwegian anti-smoking law is a good example of a political initiative that brought about a radical change in social norms. Despite the fact that the
smoking ban
encountered strong opposition before it was introduced, it became a great success, much like a rolling snowball. "Vicious circles may be difficult to stop, but if it can be achieved, they can turn into equally stable virtuous circles which are also difficult to stop. That's the good news," says Karine Nyborg.
Want to be like the neighbour
She points out that politicians are in a position to help us change
self-fulfilling
expectations
. "Virtuous and vicious circles come about when we, for social, economic or practical reasons, prefer to behave the same way as other people. This can make our expectations self-fulfilling: If you believe that most electric cars will be gone within a few years, you may fear that the network of charging stations will be reduced, and therefore be reluctant to buy an electric car. If on the other hand you believe that petrol cars will be gone in a few year and that petrol might become difficult to get hold of, buying a petrol car could seems risky. By clearly stating their investment priorities, politicians can provide an important guide that favours the most environmentally friendly initiatives," argues the economics professor.
High proportion of Norwegian electric cars
Similarly, Norwegian policies on electric cars, which are often criticised for being unreasonably expensive, have not only lowered the price of electric cars and made
them a more practical motoring option. According to Nyborg, the policies also appear to have strengthened the expectations of Norwegian motorists that Norwegian roads will continue to see a high proportion of electric cars in the years ahead. It is therefore reasonable to expect continued good availability of charging stations and other services. Karine Nyborg and her co-authors base their arguments on a belief that human beings are social animals and that there is good reason for us to coordinate our behaviour with others.
Eating together
"In a community of meat eaters, vegetarians will be troublesome for the cook, and their unwillingness to eat the same food as others may be interpreted as a sign of social distance. In a community of vegetarians, meat eaters will encounter the same problems. Consequently, it may be more practical and pleasant to
acclimatise to
the standard local diet
-- whether or not it involves more or less meat," she reasons. The fact that human beings are
pack animals
may therefore be the key to changing social norms. If you grow up in a city where motorists are well catered for in every way, people get into their cars without even thinking about it. If you grow up in a city where cyclists are well catered for in every way, with a wealth of cycle paths and a culture that promotes cycling, choosing to go by bike is easy. If cyclists vote for
cycle-friendly
politicians, this will help with the virtuous and vicious circles.
On a Swedish island
The article published in Science is the result of an annual seminar on ecology and economics held on an island in the Swedish archipelago, organised by the Beijer Institute at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "
Cross-discipline cooperation
is difficult, but exciting," says Nyborg. "It is easy to talk past each other, often because we use different definitions of words and concepts. The psychologists are concerned with individual and situational differences. The economists are more interested in the reciprocity between individuals and society. The ecologists have contributed with insights into the dynamics of tipping points, i.e. the point at which a vicious circle turns into a virtuous one. Discussing the issues in our effort to reach a shared understanding has been extremely rewarding," she says.
5. Выполните перевод следующего текста, руководствуясь правилами
перевода научно-популярных текстов, включая правила перевода
заголовков. Укажите способы перевода выделенных слов в тексте.
Teens light up cigarettes to slim down
Many doctors and public health experts assume that people smoke cigarettes simply because they're addicted to the nicotine. But a Cornell University researcher and his colleagues have found that overweight and obese teens light up for a different reason: to lose weight. Among U.S. teens who are frequent smokers, 46 percent of girls and 30 percent of boys smoke in part to control their weight, according to the researchers' study. And smoking to lose weight is significantly more common among teens who feel they must slim down. Girls who said they were "much too fat" were nearly 225 percent more likely to smoke to lose weight than girls who said their weight was about right. For boys, being overweight was less of a predictor for smoking, perhaps because they feel less pressure from society to lose weight than girls do. Even so, boys who said they were "much too fat" were nearly 145 percent more likely to smoke for weight loss than boys who said their weight was about right. "This helps us better understand why people choose to engage in risky health behaviors. It's not always just about the immediate pleasure or enjoyment; sometimes it's a means to another end," said the study's author, John Cawley, professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell. Teen smoking is a particularly
worrisome public health concern
, because people who start smoking by their early 20s are likely to continue in adulthood. And tobacco is the No. 1
preventable cause of death
in the United States. "One hundred years ago, what we mostly died of were infectious diseases, like tuberculosis and influenza. Now we die from our own choices," said Cawley, who studies the economics of risky health behaviors. "At all levels of government, there's a realization that we need to find ways to stop teenagers from developing poor health habits." His study, "The Demand for Cigarettes as Derived from the Demand for Weight Loss: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation," appears in the January 2016 issue of Health Economics.
The researchers analyzed data from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey from 2001-01 and 2005-06 for nearly 10,500 U.S. schoolchildren who were 11, 13 or 15 years old. The children reported their heights and weights, which the researchers used to calculate their body mass indexes. The youth also reported their perception of their weight. When asked "Do you think your body is … ," they responded with either "much too thin," "a bit too thin," "about right," "a bit too fat" or "much too fat." The survey also asked the children whether they had done anything to lose weight, what that action was and whether they smoked and how frequently. The researchers also found that white teens were more than twice as likely as African-American adolescents to smoke for weight loss. The findings have implications for anti-smoking policies, Cawley said. The Food and Drug Administration may wish to prohibit cigarette companies from promoting the idea that smoking can help one lose weight, Cawley said. That's because the more strongly people believe that idea, the less responsive they will be to increased cigarette taxes; that is, they'll be more likely to continue buying cigarettes, even at a higher price, he said. "There's a strong economic case for taxing cigarettes. It's just that the taxes may not decrease consumption among girls as much as you might hope or think," Cawley said. "But if you can break the perceived connection between smoking and weight loss, you may increase their
responsiveness to taxes
."
6. Выполните перевод следующего текста, руководствуясь правилами
перевода научно-популярных текстов, включая правила перевода
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Questionnaire predicts likelihood of unprotected sex,
binge drinking
Researchers in the social sciences have been
searching for a holy grail
: an accurate way to predict who is likely to engage in problematic behavior, like using drugs. In a new study, Valerie Reyna, professor of human development at Cornell University, and Evan Wilhelms of Vassar College have debuted a new questionnaire that significantly outperforms 14 other gold-standard measures frequently used in economics and psychology. The measure's 12 simple questions
ask in various ways whether one agrees with the principle "sacrifice now, enjoy later." Their study, "Gist of Delay of Gratification: Understanding and Predicting Problem Behaviors," appeared earlier this year in the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. "People who get drunk frequently, party with drugs, borrow money needlessly or have unprotected sex disagreed more with the concept 'sacrifice now, enjoy later' than people who didn't do these things," Reyna said. "Instead, they leaned more toward 'have fun today and don't worry about tomorrow.'" Having fun is generally good, she said. "But not being able to
delay gratification
can interfere with education, health and financial well-being, and the impact is greater for young people," she added. The researchers conducted four studies to get their results, comparing the measure, the Delay-of-gratification Gist Scale, against 14 others. The Gist Scale's questions include, "I wait to buy what I want until I have enough money," "I think it is better to save money for the future" and "I am worried about the amount of money I owe." Money is used as a "stand-in" or proxy for tempting rewards. The first study asked 211 college students to take the Gist Scale and other measures that predict poor financial outcomes. The second and third studies, with 845 and 393 college students, respectively, compared the new measure against others involving delay discounting. With 47 teens and adult participants, the fourth study compared the Gist Scale against a widely used measure of impulsivity. The Gist Scale is not only more accurate, it's also shorter and simpler -- some other measures are more than twice as long. It is also gender and age neutral, meaning it can be taken by anyone. Reyna points out that cultures all over the world
have aphorisms
that encourage the ability to
delay gratification
. That skill can improve with practice, she said. "Sometimes we send young people very mixed messages about struggle. I think it's extremely important for them to know that struggle and pain are part of life and to be expected," she said. "Staying the course, keeping your eyes on the prize -- these values make a difference. And they can be taught and they can be practiced."
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How stress affects saving, spending habits
Feeling overwhelmed? Stressed about work, a family illness or election season? It turns out that worry and anxiety can have an impact on your wallet. "Stress leads consumers to favor saving money," says Kristina Durante, an associate professor of marketing at Rutgers Business School who researches the effect of hormones and consumer behavior. Although stressed consumers want to save, when faced with a spending decision, stressed consumers will pay for necessities they think will help restore control rather than splurge on non- necessities. In a study published in the Journal of Marketing Research in October, Durante and Juliano Laran at University of Miami find that stress leads consumers to save money in general but spend strategically on products they believe are essential. In several experiments, Durante and Laran created stressful situations for participants, including leading them to believe they would give presentations in front of judges and directing others to write about a stressful time in their lives. Faced with the stress alone, most say they wanted to save more money. Durante says the body reacts to
stressful challenges
with an increase in the hormone cortisol, which leads us to focus our attention toward the threat so that we can attempt to overcome it or alleviate it. "People
lock down and enter survival
mode
and protect resources as a means to ensure survival," she says. When researchers tasked stressed participants with making a decision about how to spend up to $250 -- one group on everyday products and necessary household goods, the other on non-necessities including entertainment goods -- the group buying items deemed necessary spent more money. Neither group spent all of the $250. In another experiment, researchers restored a sense of control for one group before asking them about spending money by having them write about an instance in their life where their actions led to a good outcome. That group spent more money on purchases. "What we found was for those with momentary levels of acute stress who then go and make a decision about how to spend their money, they want to save their money," Durante says. "But for those who were stressed out and then had their sense of control restored, we found they were more willing to spend their money." The roots of the stress matter. People who said they were stressed about a current job situation, for example, were less likely to spend money on clothes, while others
stressed about starting a new job were more likely to spend money on new clothes because they perceived the purchases as
helping alleviate new-job stress
."What people feel is a necessity shifts depending on what kind of stress they have," Durante says. Having some control versus no control seems to affect the buying decisions people make when they are stressed, she says. "You can have situations where stress and a high level of control can improve your performance, like it does for elite athletes. But if you have a high level of stress and a low level of control, that's when our cognitive efforts can get impaired and we want to save." The implications for marketers are many, Durante says. When there are unpredictable situations -- extreme weather, elections -- consumers may be more open to products that are framed as necessities or those that can restore control, she says. For consumers, the findings can help people be aware of how they react when they are stressed and making buying decisions. "When humans are stressed, we still
have to go out and about
," Durante says. "We have a lot of consumers out there who are stressed and are faced with decisions about what to purchase." Stress is unavoidable in life, yet research on how stressful situations affect how people make spending decisions as levels of the stress hormone cortisol are rising is limited and the findings mixed, Durante says. This research, she notes, is a start. "Not a lot of research has been done on stress and spending," Durante says. "It's so nuanced because different people respond in different ways." The researchers are in the midst of a follow-up study on how consumers engage with products during a stressful time.
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