МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение

высшего образования

«САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

АЭРОКОСМИЧЕСКОГО ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЯ»

Факультет среднего профессионального образования

Методическая разработка

Страдательный залог по дисциплине

«Иностранный язык»

образовательной программы среднего профессионального образования

(ОП СПО)

для всех специальностей

преподавателя высшей категории

Хайретдиновой Л.М.

Санкт – Петербург 2023

1

Страдательный залог.

Все

переходные

глаголы

могут

выражать

действие

в

действительном

и

страдательном залоге. Мы построили дом – (действительный залог). Новый дом бы построен

нами - (страдательный залог).

В предложениях действительного залога грамматическое подлежащее обозначает

лицо (или предмет), совершающее действие.

В страдательном залоге лицо (или предмет) подвергается действию. Глагол

употребляется и в том случае, когда нет необходимости упоминать лицо, совершающее

действие.

These poems were written in 1816.Эти поэмы были написаны в 1816.

Our country is washed by many seas. Наша страна омывается многими морями.

Страдательный залог образуется

из действительного при помощи вспомогательного

глагола to be в соответствующем времени (to be, to be being, to have been),лице и числе и

третьей основной формы глагола ( Participle II). В страдательном залоге употребляются все

времена за исключением Future Continuous и всей группы времён Present Continuous.

1.Indefinite

Tenses

(Passive)

образуется

из

действительного

следующим

образом:

дополнение предложения действительного залога становится подлежащим, а подлежащее –

дополнением, которое вводится предлогами by или with,сказуемое выражается глаголом to

be+Participle II смыслового глагола.

Сравните: Present Indefinite We write letters (Active) Мы пишем письма.

Letters are written by us.( Passive) Письма пишутся нами.

Past Indefinite We wrote letters (Active) Мы писали письма.

Letters were written by us. ( Passive) Письма были написаны нами.

Future Indefinite We shall write letters (Active) Мы напишем письма.

Letters will be written by us. (Passive) Письма будут написаны нами.

Времена группы Indefinite в предложениях страдательного залога определяются по форме

вспомогательного глагола to be:

am, is are- для Present Indefinite( Passive)

was, were –для Past Indefinite (Passive)

shall be ,will be-для Future Indefinite (Passive)

Present Indefinite (Passive)

I am always asked to come to the meeting of the English Club. Меня всегда просят приходить на

собрания английского клуба.

This paper is used for writing letters.Эта бумага используется для написания писем.

Past Indefinite ( Passive)

The exhibition was opened before Victory day.Выставку открыли перед Днем Победы.

We were given a new time-table. Нам дали новое расписание.

2

Future Indefinite (Passive)

This question will be discussed at the next meeting. Этот вопрос будет обсуждаться на

следующем собрании.

We shall be shown a new film after the meeting. После митинга нам будет показан новый

фильм.

В вопросительной форме страдательного залога вспомогательный глагол ставится перед

подлежащим:

When was this monument built? Когда был построен этот памятник?

When will this work be done? Когда будет сделана эта работа?

В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:

We were not told that he was ill. Нам не говорили, что он болен.

2.Continuous Tenses (Passive)

Страдательный залог в Present и Past Continuous употребляется для выражения действия,

которое продолжается (или продолжалось) в какой-то момент или отрезок времени. Глагол

сказуемое в страдательном залоге времен Continuous состоит из to be в Present и Past

Continuous + Participle II смыслового глагола.

Present Continuous: am, is, are being+ Participle II

Past Continuous: was, were being+ Participle II

Present Continuous

Our teacher is explaining the rule. (Active).

The rule is being explained by the teacher.(Passive ).

Past Continuous

The teacher was explaining the rule. (Active).Преподаватель объяснил правило.

The rule was being explained by the teacher. (Passive). Правило объяснялось преподавателем.

Perfect Tenses (Passive).

Времена группы Perfect в страдательном залоге употребляются для выражения законченного

действия и образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в Present ,Past или Future

Perfect+ Participle II

Present Perfect: have (has) been + Participle II

Past Perfect: had been +Participle II

Future Perfect: shall (will) have been +Participle II

Present Perfect

I have written a letter. (Active). Я написал письмо.

The letter has been written by me. (Passive) Письмо было написано мной.

Past Perfect

I had written a letter before you came. (Active). Я написал письмо до того, как вы пришли.

The letter had been written by me before you came.( Passive).Письмо было написано мною до

того, как вы пришли.

3

Future Perfect

I shall have written a letter before you come. (Active).Я напишу письмо до того ,как вы придёте.

The letter will have been written before you come. (Passive).Письмо будет написано мною до

того, как вы придёте.

Exercise 129 (Ю.Б.Голицынский).

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Indefinite Passive.

1. Bread( to eat) every day.

2. The letter (to receive) yesterday.

3. Nick (to send to Moscow next week.

4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.

5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday.

6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year.

7. This work (to do) tomorrow.

8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson.

9. These trees (to plant) last autumn.

10. Many interesting games always (to play) at our lessons.

11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.

12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.

13. My question (to answer) yesterday.

14. Hockey (to play) in winter.

15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn.

16. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London.

17. His new book (to finish) next year.

18. Flowers (to sell) in the shops and in the streets.

19. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

4

Exercise 292. (Ю.Б.Голицынский).

Преобразуйте следующие предложения в страдательном залоге.

1.

I bought potatoes yesterday.

2.

We shall bring books tomorrow

3.

They are repairing clock now.

4.

They sell milk in this shop.

5.

I have translated the whole text.

6.

He stole a lot of money from the shop.

7.

By six o’clock they had finished the work.

8.

A t twelve o’clock the workers were loading the trucks.

9.

By three o ‘clock the workers had loaded the trucks.

10. We send our daughter to rest in the south every year.

11. They will show this film on TV.

12. They are building a new concert hall in our street.

13. They broke the window last week.

14. When I came home they had eaten the sweets.

15. We shall do the work in the evening.

16. He wrote this book in the 19th century.

17. They were playing tennis from four till five.

18. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory.

19. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the19th century.

20. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees.

21. They will stage this play at the beginning of next season.

22. They have forgotten the story.

23. They haven’t brought back my skates.

24. Teachers usually make corrections in red ink.

Exercise 291 (Ю.Голицынский)

Раскройте скобки ,употребляя глаголы в Active voice или Passive Voice.

1.

Nobody (to see) him yesterday.

2.

The telegram (to receive) tomorrow.

3.

He (to give) me this book next week.

4.

The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia.

5.

We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation tomorrow.

6.

You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book.

7.

Budapest (to divide) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest.

8.

Yuri Dolgoruki (to found) Moscow in 1147.

5

9.

Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov.

10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.

11. He (to speak) very highly of the doctor.

Exercise 29 (О.Ф.Кравченко).

Используйте Пассив в следующих предложениях:

Use Passive Voice in the following sentences:

1. People can’t hear our radio outside the room.

2. People mustn’t park cars there.

3. They must shake this bottle of medicine.

4. People elected him President.

5. People made Tom captain of the team.

6. They have appointed Mr. Brown manager of the Accounts Branch.

7 .They are not mending Mary’s radio.

8. They don’t close the library at eight o’clock every night.

9. They won’t finish the new road this week.

10. People are not going to hold the meeting tonight.

11. They didn’t mend the fence yesterday.

12. They have not invited Fred to the party yet.

13. They were not painting this fence at three o’clock.

14. They did not make Bill captain of the team.

15. Nobody asked Bill to sing.

The key 1. Our radio can’t be heard, 2. Cars mustn’t be parked,3. This bottle must be

shaken, 4. He was elected,5.Tom was made,6.Mr Brown has been appointed, 7.The new

road won’t being mended, 8 the library isn’t closed,9.The new road won’t be finished,10

the meeting isn’t going to be held tonight,11.The fence wasn’t mended,12. Fred has not

been invited,13. This fence wasn’t being painted,14.Bill wasn’t made15.Bill wasn’t asked

to sing.

6

Exercise 36 (О.Ф.Кравченко).

Переведите каждое предложение в действительном и страдательном залоге.

Translate the sentences in Active Voice and Passive Voice:

1.Глинка написал оперу «Иван Сусанин».

2.Знаменитый архитектор проектировал этот театр.

3.Комитет должен обсудить этот вопрос завтра.

4.Директор только что подписал письмо.

5.Катя показала ему комнату.

6.Старшая сестра заботится о младших детях.

7.Аудитория слушала его с большим вниманием.

8.Они много говорили об этой пьесе.

9.Они предложили ему лучшую работу.

10.Я был уверен, что они закончат работу к концу сентября.

11.Он уже написал сочинение.

12.Она часто ссылается на эту книгу.

The key:

1. Glinka composed opera” Ivan Susanin”.Opera “Ivan Susanin” was composed by

Glinka.2.A famous Architect designed this theatre. This theatre was designed by a famous

architect.3.The committee must discuss this question tomorrow. This question must be

discussed tomorrow.4.The director has just signed the letter. The letter has been just signed

by the director.5.Kate has shown him the room. The room has been shown to him by

Kate.6.The elder sister takes care of the younger children. The younger children are being

taken care of by the elder sister,7. The audience listened to him with great attention. He

was listened to by the audience with great attention.8.They spoke much about this play.

This play was much spoken about by them.9.They offered him a better job. A better job was

offered to him by them.10. I was sure that they would have finished the work by the end of

September. I was sure that the work would have been finished by them by the end of

September.11. He has already written a composition. The composition has already been

written by him.12.She often refers to this book. This book is often referred by her.

7

Exercise 4 (Э.С.Дудорова).

Finish the second sentence ,using the predicate in Passive Voice.

Закончите второе предложение, употребляя сказуемое в страдательном залоге.

Первое предложение дано в качестве образца.

1. Dangerous driving causes many accidents. Many accidents are caused by dangerous

driving.

2. Rastrelli built Winter Palace in the first half of the 19

th

century. Winter Palace… .

3. The bill includes service. Service… .

4. The police have arrested the suspects. The suspects… .

5. They are redecorating their flat. Their flat… .

6. The inspector was interrogating the thief at that moment. The thief… .

7. They cancelled the flight due to the unforeseen circumstances. The flight… .

8. My grandparents grow vegetables and fruit in their garden. Vegetables and fruit… .

9. The company will send their representatives for the negotiation.

The representatives… .

10. Professor Green teaches English to adult learners. Adult learners … .

11. The doctor prescribed a strict diet to the patient. A strict diet… .

12. Somebody called an ambulance to the scene of the accident. An ambulance… .

the key p.318 1.are caused, 2.was built ,3.is included in the bill 4. have been arrested , 5.

is being redecorated,6. was being interrogated 7. was cancelled 8. Are grown

9. will be sent 10 are taught 11was prescribed 12. was called

8

Exercise 30 ( О.Ф.Кравченко).

Передайте следующие предложения в страдательном залоге.

Write the following sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. The factory workers will appreciate improved conditions of work.

2. Does the librarian close the doors every night?

3. Is the mechanic repairing Bill’s car?

4. Does his neighbour feed Tom’s pets every day?

5. James Watt invented the steam engine?

6. Did Tom’s mother make these cakes?

7. Will man conquer space?

8. Most people didn’t understand his lecture.

9. An architect didn’t design this house.

10.Have the police captured that criminal yet?

the key p 58 1.Improved conditions of work will be appreciated by the factory

wirkers.2.Are the doors closed by the librarian every night? 3.Is Bill’s car being repaired by

the mechanic?4.Are Tom’s pets fed by his neighbour every day?5.The steam- engine was

invented by James Watt.6.Were these cakes made by Tom’s mother?7.Will space be

conquered by man?8. His lecture wasn’t understood by most people.9.This house wasn’t

designed by an architect10.Has that criminal been captured by the police yet?

9

The Table of all Tenses in Passive Voice.

Таблица всех времён в страдательном залоге.

Present

Past

Future

Future in the Past

Indefinite

Letters are written

every day

The letter was

written yesterday

The letter will be written

tomorrow

He said that the letter

would be written the

next day.

Continuous

The letter is being

written now.

The letter was being

written at 5 o’clock

yesterday.

Perfect

The letter has

already been

written.

The letter had been

written by 5 o’clock

yesterday.

The letter will have been

written by5 o’clock

tomorrow.

He said that the letter

would have been

written by 5 o’clock

the next day.

Perfect

Continuous

10

Passive voice.

Test –paper 1.

Variant 1.

I. Make up true sentences using Passive voice.

1.Flowers (to grow ) in villages.

2. Bread ( to eat ) every day.

3.Tom ( to invite ) to a concert last Sunday.

4.Many trees ( to plant ) in our park next year.

5.Songs ( to sing) in music classes.

6.St Petersburg( to call) a city museum.

II Express the same in English.

1.Эта книга продаётся в нашем магазине.

2.Нам дали очень вкусный торт.

3.Аню послали в Москву.

4.Эти книги используются в работе?

5.Этот торт сделан из крема?

6.Это письмо было написано тобой?

11

Passive voice

Test Paper1.

Variant II.

I. Make up true sentences using Passive voice.

1.Mushrooms ( to gather) in autumn

2.Flowers( to sell) in shops and in the streets.

3.Hockey ( to play) in winter.

4. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.

5.This exercise ( to do) at the last lesson.

6.Many schools (to build) in our city.

II Express the same in English.

1.Эти книги используются для работы.

2.В Санкт-Петербурге строят много домов.

3.Ему каждый день рассказывают что-нибудь интересное..

4. Этот торт сделан для меня?

5. Почему это слово часто забывают?

6. Где была куплена эта картина?

12

Passive voice.

Test Paper 2.

Variant1.

1.Express the same in a different way using Passive structure.

1. They grow the best tulips In Holland.

2. Did Yuri Dolgoruky found Moscow in 1147?

3. In Canada people speak French and English.

4. We mustn’t keep animals in cages.

5. People will find new medicines in the21st century.

6. They can plant a lot of forests.

7. We should save our planet.

8. Will she meet her aunt herself ?

9. You have to feed your pets every day.

10. Does he often clean his flat?

II Express the same in English.

1.Новая школа должна быть построена в марте.

2.Много тигров было убито в 19 веке.

3. Его спросят на следующем уроке.

4.Бумагу и картон изготавливают из древесины.

5.Цветы следует поливать каждый день.

13

Passive voice.

Test Paper 2.

Variant2.

1.Express the same in a different way using Passive structure.

1. They grow coffee in Brazil.

2 .Did Peter the Great found our city in 1703?

3. People in India speak English and Hindi.

4.We must protect animals and birds.

5. They will discover new medicines in wild plants in savannas.

6. People can destroy all rainforests.

7. You shouldn’t damage these trees.

8. Will I finish this work myself?

9. He has to water the plants in the garden.

10.Do you often write tests at school?

II Express the same in English.

1.Это здание должно быть построено в этом году.

2.Их встретят около музея в 3 часа.

3.Картон делают из древесины.

4 Много лесов было вырублено в прошлом столетии.

5.Животных следует кормить каждый день.

14